Describe the Trends That Dominated Arts and Popular Culture After 1918
Modern Art
Definition, Characteristics, History, Movements.
Master A-Z INDEX
Important Art Works
Movement In Squares (1961).
Past Bridget Riley, Op-Art Motion.
Eiffel Tower, Gnaw de Mars, Paris.
An icon of modernist compages
designed by Gustave Eiffel.
Weeping Adult female (1937)
By Picasso, now regarded as the
greatest of 20th Century Painters.
What is Modern Art? (Definition)
There is no precise definition of the term "Modern Art": it remains an elastic term, which can accomodate a multifariousness of meanings. This is not likewise surprising, since we are constantly moving forrad in time, and what is considered "modern painting" or "modern sculpture" today, may not be seen as modern in fifty years fourth dimension. Even so, information technology is traditional to say that "Modernistic Fine art" means works produced during the approximate menstruation 1870-1970. This "Modern era" followed a long period of domination past Renaissance-inspired academic art, promoted by the network of European Academies of Fine Fine art. And is itself followed by "Contemporary Art" (1970 onwards), the more avant-garde of which is also called "Postmodern Art". This chronology accords with the view of many art critics and institutions, just not all. Both the Tate Mod in London, and the Musee National d'Fine art Moderne at the Pompidou Centre in Paris, for example, take 1900 as the starting betoken for "Modern Art". Also, neither they, nor the Museum of Modern Art in New York, make whatever stardom between "modernist" and "postmodernist" works: instead, they see both every bit phases of "Modernistic Art".
Incidentally, when trying to empathise the history of art it's important to recognize that art does not change overnight, simply rather reflects wider (and slower) changes taking identify in society. It too reflects the outlook of the creative person. Thus, for case, a work of art produced every bit early on as 1958 might exist decidedly "postmodernist" (if the artist has a very avant-garde outlook - a good case is Yves Klein's Nouveau Realisme); while another piece of work, created by a conservative artist in 1980, might be seen as a throw-back to the time of "Modern Art" rather than an example of "Contemporary Fine art". In fact, it'due south probably true to say that several different strands of art - pregnant several sets of aesthetics, some hypermodern, some onetime-fashioned - may co-be at any ane time. Besides, information technology'south worth remembering that many of these terms (similar "Modern Fine art") are only invented after the result, from the vantage point of hindsight.
Notation: The 1960s is generally seen equally the decade when artistic values gradually changed, from "modernist" to "postmodernist". This means that for a catamenia of time both sets of values co-existed with each other.
For important dates, encounter: History of Art Timeline ( 2.5 1000000 BCE on)
What were the Origins of Modern Art?
To understand how "modernistic art" began, a little historical background is useful. The 19th century was a fourth dimension of pregnant and quickly increasing modify. As a event of the Industrial Revolution (c.1760-1860) enormous changes in manufacturing, transport, and technology began to affect how people lived, worked, and travelled, throughout Europe and America. Towns and cities swelled and prospered as people left the state to populate urban factories. These industry-inspired social changes led to greater prosperity but as well cramped and crowded living conditions for nigh workers. In plow, this led to: more need for urban compages; more than need for applied art and design - come across, for instance the Bauhaus School - and the emergence of a new class of wealthy entrepreneurs who became art collectors and patrons. Many of the earth's best art museums were founded by these 19th century tycoons.
In addition, two other developments had a straight effect on fine art of the period. First, in 1841, the American painter John Rand (1801–1873) invented the collapsible tin paint tube. 2d, major advances were made in photography, assuasive artists to photograph scenes which could and so be painted in the studio at a later engagement. Both these developments would greatly benefit a new style of painting known, disparagingly, as "Impressionism", which would have a radical effect on how artists painted the world around them, and would in the process get the first major school of modernist art.
Equally well as affecting how artists created fine art, 19th century social changes besides inspired artists to explore new themes. Instead of slavishly following the Hierarchy of the Genres and being content with academic subjects involving religion and Greek mythology, interspersed with portraits and 'meaningful' landscapes - all subjects that were designed to drag and instruct the spectator - artists began to brand fine art almost people, places, or ideas that interested them. The cities - with their new railway stations and new slums - were obvious choices and triggered a new class of genre painting and urban mural. Other subjects were the suburban villages and holiday spots served by the new rail networks, which would inspire new forms of landscape painting by Monet, Matisse and others. The genre of history painting also inverse, thanks to Benjamin West (1738-1820) who painted The Death of General Wolfe (1770, National Gallery of Art, Ottowa), the start 'gimmicky' history painting, and Goya (1746-1828) whose Third of May, 1808 (1814, Prado, Madrid) introduced a ground-breaking, non-heroic idiom.
The 19th century also witnessed a number of philosophical developments which would have a meaning effect on art. The growth of political idea, for instance, led Courbet and others to promote a socially conscious course of Realist painting - see likewise Realism to Impressionism). Also, the publication of The Estimation of Dreams (1899) past Sigmund Freud, popularized the notion of the "hidden mind", causing artists to explore Symbolism and afterwards Surrealism. The new cocky-consciousness which Freud promoted, led to (or at least coincided with) the emergence of German Expressionism, as artists turned to expressing their subjective feelings and experiences.
When Did Modern Art Begin?
The engagement most commonly cited as marker the birth of "modern art" is 1863 - the year that Edouard Manet (1832-83) exhibited his shocking and irreverent painting Le Tiffin sur l'herbe in the Salon des Refuses in Paris. Despite Manet's respect for the French University, and the fact it was modelled on a Renaissance work by Raphael, information technology was considered to be one of the nigh scandalous pictures of the period.
But this was merely a symbol of wider changes that were taking identify in various types of art, both in French republic and elsewhere in Europe. A new generation of "Mod Artists" were fed up with post-obit the traditional bookish art forms of the 18th and early 19th century, and were starting to create a range of "Mod Paintings" based on new themes, new materials, and assuming new methods. Sculpture and compages were likewise affected - and in time their changes would be even more than revolutionary - only fine art painting proved to be the first major battleground between the conservatives and the new "Moderns".
What is the Main Characteristic of Modern Fine art?
What we phone call "Modern Art" lasted for an unabridged century and involved dozens of different art movements, embracing near everything from pure brainchild to hyperrealism; from anti-art schools like Dada and Fluxus to classical painting and sculpture; from Art Nouveau to Bauhaus and Pop Art. So great was the diversity that it is difficult to think of any unifying characteristic which defines the era. Just if there is anything that separates modern artists from both the earlier traditionalists and afterward postmodernists, it is their conventionalities that art mattered. To them, art had real value. By contrast, their precedessors simply assumed it had value. Subsequently all they had lived in an era governed past Christian value systems and had simply "followed the rules." And those who came after the Modern period (1970 onwards), the so-called "postmodernists", largely rejected the thought that fine art (or life) has whatsoever intrinsic value.
In What Ways was Mod Art Different? (Characteristics)
Although there is no single defining feature of "Modern Art", it was noted for a number of of import characteristics, as follows:
(1) New Types of Art
Modern artists were the outset to develop collage art, assorted forms of assemblage, a variety of kinetic art (inc mobiles), several genres of photography, blitheness (drawing plus photography) state art or digging, and performance art.
(ii) Utilise of New Materials
Modernistic painters affixed objects to their canvases, such as fragments of newspaper and other items. Sculptors used "found objects", similar the "readymades" of Marcel Duchamp, from which they created works of Junk art. Assemblages were created out of the near ordinary everyday items, like cars, clocks, suitcases, wooden boxes and other items.
(3) Expressive Employ of Colour
Movements of mod art like Fauvism, Expressionism and Colour Field painting were the first to exploit colour in a major mode.
(4) New Techniques
Chromolithography was invented by the affiche artist Jules Cheret, automated cartoon was developed by surrealist painters, equally was Frottage and Decalcomania. Gesturalist painters invented Action Painting. Pop artists introduced "Benday dots", and silkscreen press into fine art. Other movements and schools of modern art which introduced new painting techniques, included: Neo-Impressionism, the Macchiaioli, Synthetism, Cloisonnism, Gesturalism, Tachisme, Kinetic Art, Neo-Dada and Op-Art.
How Did Modern Fine art Develop Betwixt 1870 and 1970?
1870-1900
Although in some means the terminal tertiary of the 19th century was dominated by the new Impressionist style of painting, in reality there were several pioneering strands of modernistic fine art, each with its own particular focus. They included: Impressionism (accuracy in capturing effects of sunlight); Realism (content/theme); Academic Art (classical-manner truthful-life pictures); Romanticism (mood); Symbolism (enigmatic iconography); lithographic poster fine art (assuming motifs and colours). The final decade saw a number of revolts against the Academies and their 'Salons', in the grade of the Secession movement, while the late-1890s witnessed the reject of "nature-based art", like Impressionism, which would before long atomic number 82 to a ascent in more serious "message-based" fine art.
1900-xiv
In many ways this was the virtually exciting menstruum of mod fine art, when everything was still possible and when the "automobile" was still viewed exclusively equally a friend of homo. Artists in Paris produced a cord of new styles, including Fauvism, Cubism and Orphism, while German language artists launched their own school of expressionist painting. All these progressive movements rejected traditionalist attitudes to art and sought to champion their ain particular calendar of modernism. Thus Cubism wanted to prioritize the formal attributes of painting, while Futurism preferred to emphasize the possibilities of the machine, and expressionism championed individual perception.
1914-24
The carnage and devastation of The Bang-up War changed things utterly. Past 1916, the Dada movement was launched, filled with a nihilistic urge to subvert the value system which had acquired Verdun and the Somme. Suddenly representational fine art seemed obscene. No imagery could compete with photographs of the war dead. Already artists had been turning more and more to non-objective art every bit a means of expression. Abstract fine art movements of the fourth dimension included Cubism (1908-twoscore), Vorticism (1914-xv), Suprematism (1913-18), Constructivism (1914-32), De Stijl (1917-31), Neo-Plasticism (1918-26), Elementarism (1924-31), the Bauhaus (1919-33) and the subsequently St Ives School. Even the few figurative movements were distinctly edgy, such as Metaphysical Painting (c.1914-20). Merely compare the early 20th century Classical Revival in modernistic fine art and Neoclassical Figure Paintings by Picasso (1906-30).
1924-xl
The Inter-state of war years continued to be troubled by political and economic troubles. Abstract painting and sculpture continued to dominate, as true-to-life representational fine art remained very unfashionable. Even the realist fly of the Surrealism motility - the biggest movement of the catamenia - could manage no more than a fantasy manner of reality. Meantime, a more sinister reality was emerging on the Continent, in the class of Nazi art and Soviet agit-prop. But Fine art Deco, a rather sleek design style aimed at architecture and applied art, expressed any confidence in the future.
1940-60
The art world was transformed by the catastrophe of World War Two. To begin with, its centre of gravity moved from Paris to New York, where it has remained ever since. Virtually all future earth record prices would be achieved in the New York sales rooms of Christie's and Sotheby'southward. Meantime, the unspeakable miracle of Auschwitz had undermined the value of all realist art, except for Holocaust art of those affected. Equally a effect of all this, the next major international movement - Abstract Expressionism - was created by American artists of the New York School. Indeed, for the side by side xx years, abstraction would dominate, as new movements rolled off the line. They included: Art Informel, Action-Painting, Gesturalism, Tachisme, Colour Field Painting, Lyrical Brainchild, Hard Edge Painting, and COBRA, a group best known for its child-like imagery, and expressive brushstrokes. During the 1950s other tendencies emerged, of a more advanced kind, such every bit Kinetic art, Nouveau Realisme and Neo-Dada, all of which demonstrated a growing impatience with the strait-laced arts manufacture.
1960s
The explosion of popular music and television was reflected in the Pop-Art motility, whose images of Hollywood celebrities, and iconography of popular civilisation, historic the success of America'south mass consumerism. It besides had a cool 'hip' feel and helped to dispel some of the early 60s gloom associated with the Cuban Crisis of 1962, which in Europe had fuelled the success of the Fluxus motility led by George Maciunas, Joseph Beuys, Nam June Paik and Wolf Vostell. Down-to-earth Pop-art was also a welcome counterpoint to the more than erudite Abstract Expressionism, which was already started to fade. But the 1960s also saw the rise of another high-forehead movement known as Minimalism, a form of painting and sculpture purged of all external references or gestures - dissimilar the emotion-charged idiom of Abstract Expressionism.
Modern Photographic Art
One of the about important and influential new media which came to prominence during the "Modern Era" is photography. Four genres in particular have become established. They include: Portrait Photography, a genre that has largely replaced painted portraits; Pictorialism (fl.1885-1915) a type of camera art in which the photographer manipulates a regular photograph in society to create an "artistic" image; Fashion Photography (1880-present) a blazon of photography devoted to the promotion of wear, shoes, perfume and other branded appurtenances; Documentary Photography (1860-present), a blazon of sharp-focus camerawork that captures a moment of reality, so every bit to present a message virtually what is happening in the world; and Street Photography (1900-nowadays), the art of capturing chance interactions of man activeness in urban areas. Practiced by many of the earth's greatest photographers, these genres have made a major contribution to modern fine art of the 20th century.
Modernistic Compages
Modernism in architecture is a more convoluted affair. The word "modernism" in edifice pattern was first used in America during the 1880s to depict skyscrapers designed by the Chicago School of Architecture (1880-1910), such as The Montauk Edifice (1882-83) designed by Burnham and Root; the Home Insurance Edifice (1884) designed past William Le Baron Jenney; and the Marshall Field Warehouse (1885-7) designed by Henry Hobson Richardson. In the 20th century, a new type of pattern emerged, known as the International Style of Modernistic Architecture (c.1920-70). Beginning in Germany, Holland and France, in the hands of Le Corbusier (1887-1965), Walter Gropius (1883-1969) and others, it spread to America where it became the ascendant idiom for commercial skyscrapers, thanks to the efforts of Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969), formerly director of the Bauhaus Schoolhouse. Afterwards, the centre of modern edifice design was established permanently in the Usa, mainly due to the advent of supertall skyscraper compages, which was then exported around the globe.
When Did Modern Art Cease? What Replaced it?
Modernism didn't only cease, information technology was gradually overtaken by events during the late 1960s - a period which coincided with the rise of mass pop-civilisation and also with the rise of anti-authoritarian challenges (in social and political areas equally well as the arts) to the existing orthodoxies. A key twelvemonth was 1968, which witnessed the Tet Offensive, the assassinations of Martin Luther Rex and Bobby Kennedy, and street demonstrations throughout the capitals of Europe. As Modernism began to wait increasingly erstwhile-fashioned, it gave way to what is known as "Gimmicky Art" - pregnant "art of the nowadays era". The term "Gimmicky Art" is neutral as to the progressiveness of the art in question, and so some other phrase - "postmodernism" - is often used to denote recent avant-garde fine art. Schools of "postmodernist art" advocate a new set up of aesthetics characterized by a greater focus on medium and style. For example, they emphasize style over substance (eg. non 'what' but 'how'; not 'art for art's sake', only 'style for manner'due south sake'), and place much greater importance on artist-communication with the audience.
What are the Nigh Important Movements of Modern Art?
The virtually influential movements of "modern fine art" are (1) Impressionism; (2) Fauvism; (3) Cubism; (four) Futurism; (5) Expressionism; (half dozen) Dada; (vii) Surrealism; (8) Abstruse Expressionism; and (9) Pop Fine art.
(1) Impressionism (1870s, 1880s)
Exemplified by the landscape paintings of Claude Monet (1840-1926), Impressionism focused on the near impossible chore of capturing fleeting moments of light and colour. Introduced non-naturalist color schemes, and loose - frequently highly textured - brushwork. Close-up many Impressionist paintings were unrecognizable. Highly unpopular with the general public and the arts regime, although highly rated by other modern artists, dealers and collectors. Eventually became the globe'south most famous painting movement. See: Characteristics of Impressionist Painting (1870-1910). The master contribution of Impressionism to "modern fine art" was to legitimize the use of non-naturalist colours, thus paving the way for the wholly non-naturalist abstract art of the 20th century.
(2) Fauvism (1905-7)
Curt-lived, dramatic and highly influential, Led past Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Fauvism was 'the' stylish style during the mid-1900s in Paris. The new style was launched at the Salon d'Automne, and became instantly famous for its vivid, garish, not-naturalist colours that made Impressionism announced nigh monochrome! A key precursor of expressionism. See: History of Expressionist Painting (1880-1930). The main contribution of Fauvism to "modern fine art" was to demonstrate the independent power of colour. This highly subjective approach to art was in contrast to the classical content-oriented outlook of the academies.
(3) Cubism (fl.1908-14)
An ascetic and challenging fashion of painting, Cubism introduced a compositional system of flat splintered planes equally an alternative to Renaissance-inspired linear perspective and rounded volumes. Developed past Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963) in two variants - Analytical Cubism and later Constructed Cubism - it influenced abstruse fine art for the next l years, although its pop appeal has been express. The main contribution of Cubism to "modern art" was to offering a whole new alternative to conventional perspective, based on the inescapable fact of the flat picture plane.
(four) Futurism (fl.1909-14)
Founded past Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876-1944), Futurist fine art glorified speed, technology, the automobile, the airplane and scientific achievement. Although very influential, it borrowed heavily from Neo-Impressionism and Italian Divisionism, also as Cubism, especially its fragmented forms and multiple viewpoints. The principal contribution of Futurism to "modern art" was to innovate motility into the sail, and to link beauty with scientific advancement.
(five) Expressionism (from 1905)
Although predictable past artists similar JMW Turner (Interior at Petworth, 1837), Van Gogh (Wheat Field with Crows, 1890) and Paul Gauguin (Anna The Javanese, 1893), expressionism was made famous by two groups in pre-war Germany: Die Brucke (Dresden/Berlin) and Der Blaue Reiter (Munich), led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938) and Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) respectively. In sculpture, the forms of the Duisburg-born artist Wilhelm Lehmbruck (1881-1919) were (and withal are) sublime. The primary contribution of expressionism to "modernistic art" was to popularize the idea of subjectivity in painting and sculpture, and to prove that representational art may legitimately include subjective baloney.
(half dozen) Dada (1916-24)
The first anti-fine art movement, Dada was a defection against the system which had immune the carnage of The First World War (1914-eighteen). It rapidly became an anarchistic tendency whose aim was to subvert the arts establishment. Launched in neutral Switzerland in 1916, its leaders were in their early twenties, and most had "opted out", avoiding conscription in the shelter of neutral cities such as New York, Zurich and Barcelona. Founders included the sculptor Jean Arp (1887-1966) and the Romanaian poet and demonic activist Tristan Tzara (1896-1963). The main contribution of Dada was to milkshake up the arts world and to widen the concept of "mod art", by embracing totally new types of inventiveness (functioning art and readymades) as well as new materials (junk art) and themes. Its seditious sense of humour endured in the Surrealist move.
(seven) Surrealism (from 1924)
Founded in Paris by author Andre Breton (1896-1966), Surrealism was 'the' stylish art move of the inter-war years, although the style is still seen today. Equanimous of abstract and figurative wings, information technology evolved out of the nihilistic Dada movement, most of whose members metamorphosed into surrealists, but unlike Dada it was neither anti-fine art nor political. Surrealist painters used diverse methods - including dreams, hallucinations, automatic or random image generation - to circumvent rational idea processes in creating works of art. (For more, please run across Automatism in Art.) The primary contribution of Surrealism to "modernistic fine art" was to generate a refreshingly new gear up of images. Whether these images were uniquely non-rational is doubtful. But Surrealist art is definitely fun!
(eight) Abstruse Expressionism (1948-60)
A broad way of abstruse painting, developed in New York just later World War Two, hence it is besides called the New York Schoolhouse. Spearheaded by American artists - themselves strongly influenced by European expatriates - it consisted of ii main styles: a highly animated class of gestural painting, popularized past Jackson Pollock (1912-56), and a much more than passive mood-oriented mode known as Colour Field painting, championed by Mark Rothko (1903-70). The main contribution of abstruse expressionism to "mod art" was to popularize abstraction. In Pollock's case, by inventing a new style known as "activity painting" - see photos by text; in Rothko'southward case, by demonstrating the emotional impact of large areas of colour.
(9) Pop Art (Late-1950s, 1960s)
A fashion of art whose images reflected the popular culture and mass consumerism of 1960s America. Get-go emerging in New York and London during the tardily 1950s, it became the dominant avant-garde style until the late 1960s. Using bold, easy to recognize imagery, and vibrant block colours, Pop artists similar Andy Warhol (1928-87) created an iconography based on photos of popular celebrities like film-stars, advertisements, posters, consumer product packaging, and comic strips - material that helped to narrow the divide between the commercial arts and the fine arts. The chief contribution of abstract expressionism to "mod fine art" was to bear witness that good art could exist low-brow, and could be fabricated of anything. Run across: Andy Warhol's Popular Art (c.1959-73).
A-Z List of Modernistic Fine art Schools and Movements
Here is a list of movements and schools from the "Modern Era", arranged in alphabetical order.
• Abstract Expressionist Painting (1947-65)
Umbrella term for mail-war styles known collectively as the New York School.
• American Scene Painting (1925-45)
Realist style that exalted rural and modest town America.
• Arsenal Show of Modern Art (1913)
Basis-breaking exhibition of modern art held in America.
• Art Deco (1925-forty)
Sleek design style associated with the new 'Machine Age'.
• Fine art Informel (fl.1950s)
European version of Abstract Expressionism.
• Art Nouveau (1890-1914)
Curvilinear design style. Too called Jugendstil (Frg), Stile Liberty (Italian republic).
• Arte Nucleare (1951-lx)
Political 'Art Informel-way' grouping that fabricated art for the nuclear era.
• Arts and crafts Movement (1862-1914)
Anti-mass production movement, championed artisan crafts.
• Ashcan Schoolhouse (1900-1915)
New York grouping whose paintings depicted scenes from poorer areas.
• Australian Impressionism (1886-1900)
Plein-air Heidelberg school named after its camps eastward of Melbourne.
• Biomorphic (Organic) Abstraction (1930s/40s)
Rounded forms based on those found in nature. Run into works past Henry Moore.
• Berlin Secession (1898)
Breakaway arts arrangement led by the artist Max Liebermann.
• Camden Boondocks Grouping (1911-13)
Group of English language Impressionists led by Walter Sickert.
• Cloisonnism (1888-94)
Fashion of painting with patches of bright colour enclosed in thick black outlines.
• COBRA group (1948-1951)
European equivalent of the New York gesturalism or "action painting".
• Colour Field Painting (1948-68)
Way of Abstract Expressionism practised by Rothko, Barnett Newman, Clyfford Still.
• Constructivism (1914-32)
Artistic, design and architectural move founded by Vladimir Tatlin.
• Cubism (fl.1908-fourteen)
See higher up: Almost Of import Movements
• Dada (1916-24)
See in a higher place: Most Important Movements
• Der Blaue Reiter (1911-14)
German Expressionist grouping based in Munich.
• De Stijl (1917-31)
Dutch avant-garde design group founded past Theo van Doesburg.
• Deutscher Werkbund (1907-33)
German body established to better German industrial design and crafts.
• Die Brucke (1905-13)
German Expressionist grouping in Dresden, later on Berlin.
• Divisionism (1884-1904)
The theory behind Neo-Impressionism, also known as Chromoluminarism.
• Existential Art (1940s, 1950s)
Style of painting and sculpture popularized past Robert Lapoujade and Giacometti.
• Expressionist Movement (1880s onwards)
Subjective, often highly coloured and distorted way of painting.
• Fauvism (1905-8)
Run across above: Most Important Movements
• Fluxus (1960s)
Avant-garde movement related to Lettrism, Nouveau Realisme and Neo-Dada.
• Futurism (1909-14)
Encounter to a higher place: Almost Of import Movements
• Hard Edge Painting (late 1950s, 1960s)
Variant of Postal service-Painterly Abstraction, a reaction against gesturalism.
• Impressionism (fl. 1870-1880)
See above: Most Of import Movements
• Italian Divisionism (1890-1907)
Postal service-Impressionist fashion that drew heavily on Pointillism and Neo-Impressionism.
• Kitchen Sink Art (mid-1950s)
School of mundane realism.
• Macchiaioli (1855-80)
Italian grouping named later on their use of patches (macchia) of color.
• Magic Realism (1920s)
Mod movement noted for its sharp-focus naturalism and offbeat themes.
• Metaphysical Painting (1914-20)
Precursor of Surrealism developed by Giorgio de Chirico.
• Minimalism
Art without any historical, social or aesthetic references.
• Munich Secession (1892)
The showtime of the progressive fine art movements in Europe to break away from the bourgeois arts bureaucracy.
• Nabis, Les (1890s)
Group of Parisian artists noted for their decorative art.
• Neo-Dada (1953-65)
Style noted for its use of unorthodox materials, and anti-establishment ethic.
• Neo-Impressionism (1884-1904)
Grouping noted for its apply of small-scale dots of pure paint pigment.
• Neo-Plasticism (fl.1918-26)
Rigorous style of brainchild founded by Piet Mondrian.
• Neo-Romanticism (1935-55)
Tendency in British painting to recreate visionary landscapes.
• New Objectivity (Die Neue Sachlichkeit) (1925-35)
Biting expressionist style which reflected the cynicism of 1920s Germany.
• Nouveau Realisme (1958-70)
Imaginative advanced forerunner of postmodernism founded by Yves Klein.
• Op-Art (fl.1965-70)
Form of abstract painting based on optical illusions.
• Orphism (1914-15)
Colourful idiom of abstract art invented past Robert Delaunay.
• Paris Schoolhouse (Ecole de Paris) (1890-1940)
Label for cluster of mod artists active in Paris, like Picasso, Modigliani.
• Pointillism (1884-1904)
Colour theory behind Neo-Impressionism involving small dabs of pure pigment.
• Pop Art (1955-70)
Run across above: Most Of import Movements
• Postal service-Impressionism (1880s/90s)
Loose term for a variety of painting styles developed in the wake of Impressionism.
• Post-Painterly Abstraction (1955-65)
Term invented by Clement Greenberg for post-gesturalism movements.
• Precisionism (fl.1920s)
Style of realist painting influenced by Futurism and Cubism.
• Realism (1850-1900)
Socially enlightened idiom championed by Courbet.
• Regionalism (Scene Painting) (fl.1930s)
Style of painting which exalted pocket-sized boondocks America.
• Social Realism (1930-45)
American style which commented on the bug of the Depression Era.
• Socialist Realism (1928-80)
Country controlled propagandist art associated chiefly with the Soviet Marriage.
• St Ives School (1939-75)
Colony of abstract artists led by Ben Nicholson and Barbara Hepworth.
• Suprematism (1913-18)
Style of Russian abstract painting developed by Kasimir Malevich.
• Surrealism (1924 onwards)
See in a higher place: Almost Important Movements
• Symbolism (1880s/90s)
Symbolists sought a reality from inside their imagination and dreams.
• Synthetism (1888-94)
Noted for its flat areas of color. Invented by Gauguin, Emile Bernard.
• Tachisme (1950s)
Blotchy form of gestural abstract painting developed in France.
• Victorian Art (Britain) (1840-1900)
Arts and crafts from the reign of Queen Victoria. Meet: Victorian architecture.
• Vienna Secession (1897-1939)
Breakaway artist body who rejected the cit'due south conservative Academy of Arts.
• Vingt, Les (1883-93)
Belgian group of progressive artists like James Ensor, Fernand Khnopff.
• Vorticism (1914-15)
English Cubist-style painting adult past Percy Wyndham Lewis.
For more details, come across: Mod Art Movements (c.1870-1970).
Who are the Greatest Modern Artists?
Modern Painters
Impressionists (flourished 1870-1880)
One of the nearly revolutionary movements of modern representational art, its leading members included: Claude Monet (1840-1926); Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919); Edgar Degas (1834-1917); Camille Pissarro (1830-1903); Alfred Sisley (1839-1899); Edouard Manet (1832-83); Berthe Morisot (1841-1895); John Vocaliser Sargent (1856-1925). See Impressionist Painters.
Postal service-Impressionists (flourished 1880-1900)
Mod artists who separated from mainstream Impressionist painting included: James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834–1903); Georges Seurat (1859-1891); Paul Cezanne (1839-1906); Van Gogh (1853-1890); Paul Gauguin (1848-1903); Henri Matisse (1869-1954). See: Post-Impressionist Painters.
Poster Artists
Centered effectually La Belle Epoque in Paris, affiche art was exemplified by the creativity (and inventions) of Jules Cheret (1836-1932), the wonderful "Cabaret Du Chat Noir" poster designed past Theophile Steinlen (1859-1923), the theatrical posters of Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901), and the art nouveau works of Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939). After Mucha left for America, the talented Leonetto Cappiello (1875-1942) arrived in Paris from Italian republic. Some other important poster and ready designer was Leon Bakst (1866-1924), who came to Paris with the Ballets Russes run past Sergei Diaghilev.
Primitives/Fantasy Artists
This loose category includes the naive Henri Rousseau (1844-1910) (Le Douanier), and the versatile symbolists Paul Klee (1879–1940) and Marc Chagall (1887-1985).
Realists
Modern realism flourished outside Europe and included these supreme masters of the idiom: Winslow Homer (1836-1910), Thomas Eakins (1844-1916), and Ilya Repin (1844-1930). See also: Realist Artists.
Expressionists (flourished 1905-1933)
Influenced by Fauvism, the Expressionist motion was exemplified by the work of: Kandinsky, Munch, Modigliani (1884-1920), Egon Schiele (1890-1918), Kirchner, Max Beckmann (1884-1950), Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980) and Otto Dix (1891-1969). See besides Expressionist Painters.
Cubists (flourished 1908-fourteen)
Abstract Painters
The greatest exponents of abstraction in the modernistic era included Kasimir Malevich (1878-1935); Piet Mondrian (1872-1944). See: Abstract Painters.
Art Deco (1920s, 1930s)
As much a decorative art and design movement as a style of painting, its most famous representative was probably the glamorous Polish-Russian society portraitist Tamara de Lempicka (c.1895-1980).
Surrealists
The dominant fine fine art move during the tardily 1920s and 1930s, its leading painters included: Joan Miro (1893-1983), Rene Magritte (1898-1967) and Salvador Dali (1904-89). See: Surrealist Artists.
Abstract Expressionists
Abstract expressionist painting was the first corking American art movement. Also known as the New York school, its leading members included: Rothko, Pollock, Willem De Kooning (1904-97), Clyfford Still (1904-1980), Barnett Newman (1905-lxx), Robert Motherwell (1915-91), Franz Kline (1910-62) and others.
Pop-Artists
This pop mode of modern art superceded the more intellectual Abstruse Expressionism and was exemplified by painters such as: Andy Warhol (1928-87) and Roy Lichtenstein (1923-97).
Modern Sculptors
Leading sculptors during the modern era included: the expressive realist Auguste Rodin (1840-1917); the expressionists Ernst Barlach (1870-1938) and Wilhelm Lehmbruck (1881-1919); the avant-garde artist Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957); the Futurist Umberto Boccioni (1882-1916), the Cubists Alexander Archipenko (1887-1964), Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876-1918), Ossip Zadkine (1890-1967), Jacques Lipchitz (1891-1973) and Naum Gabo (1890-1977); the kineticists Alexander Calder (1898-1976) and Jean Tinguely (1925-91); and the Swiss minimalist sculptor Alberto Giacometti (1901-66). Other modernist forms are represented by the primitive works of Modigliani (1884-1920) and Jacob Epstein (1880-1959); and the "found objects" known as "readymades" of Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968). Meanwhile, modern British sculpture was embodied by Henry Moore (1898-1986), Barbara Hepworth (1903-75) and Ben Nicholson (1894-1982). Modernistic sculpture in America is exemplified by the works of James Earle Fraser (1876-1953), Daniel Chester French (1850-1931), Anna Hyatt Huntingdon (1876-1973), and Gutzon Borglum (1867-1941). Mid-twentieth century modernism is represented by the assemblages of Louise Nevelson (1899-1988) and Cesar Baldaccini (1921-98); the heroic statues of Yevgeny Vuchetich (1908-74); and the emotive holocaust sculptures of Wiktor Tolkin (1922-2013) and Nandor Glid (1924-97). See also: 20th Century Sculptors.
Fine art Appreciation
See: How to Appreciate Modern Sculpture (1850-present).
Mod Printmakers
Modern exponents of printmaking - engraving, carving, lithographics and silkscreen - include: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901), MC Escher (1898-1972), Willem de Kooning (1904-97), Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008), Andy Warhol (1928-87).
Modern Stained Glass Artists
Among the tiptop exponents of stained glass fine art included: Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Joan Miro (1893-1983), Harry Clarke (1889-1931), Sarah Purser (1848-43) and Evie Hone (1894-1955).
Modern Photgraphers
Modern photographic fine art (1870-1970) is indebted to the pioneering efforts of Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) and Edward Steichen (1879-1973). Otherwise, modernist photography is highlighted by the pictorialism of Man Ray (1890-1976); the landscapes of Ansel Adams (1902-84); the architectural photos of Eugene Atget (1857-1927), and Bernd and Hilla Becher; the way shots of Norman Parkinson (1913-90), Irving Penn (1917-2009) and Richard Avedon (1923-2004); the portraiture of Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-79), Dorothea Lange (1895-1965) & Walker Evans (1903–1975); and the street photography of Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908–2004).
Which are the 25 Greatest Modern Paintings?
Here is a chronological listing of the finest examples of modernistic painting (1870-1970), as selected by our Editor.
Impression, Sunrise (1873) Musee Marmottan Monet, Paris.
By Claude Monet (1840-1926)
Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (1876) Musee d'Orsay, Paris
By Renoir (1841-1919)
The Gross Clinic (1875) Academy of Pennsylvania.
By Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)
The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit (1882) Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
By John Singer Sargent (1856-1925)
Religious Procession in Kursk Gubernia (1883) Tretyakov Gallery.
By Ilya Repin (1844-1930)
A Sun Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884-6) AIC.
Past Georges Seurat (1859-1891)
Cafe Terrace at Night, Arles (1888) Yale University Fine art Gallery.
By Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)
The Scream (1893) oil tempera & pastel, National Gallery, Oslo.
By Edvard Munch (1863-1944)
Girl with a Fan (1902) Folkwang Museum, Hessen.
By Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)
The Large Bathers (Les Grandes Baigneuses) (1906) National Gallery, London; Museum of Fine art, Philadelphia; Barnes Foundation, Merion, PA.
By Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)
The Osculation (1907-8) oil & gold on canvas, Osterreichischegallerie, Vienna.
By Gustav Klimt (1862-1918)
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) Museum of Mod Art, New York.
Past Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
La Danse (1910) Hermitage, St Petersburg.
By Henri Matisse (1869-1954)
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912) Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo.
By Giacomo Balla (1871-1958)
Nude Descending a Staircase No.ii (1912) Philadelphia Museum of Fine art.
Past Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)
Seated Nude (1916) Courtauld Institute, London.
By Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920)
Le Coquelicot (The Corn Poppy) (1919) Toulouse-Lautrec Museum, Albi.
By Kees van Dongen (1877-1968)
Girl with Gloves (1929) Individual Collection.
By Tamara de Lempicka (1895-1980)
American Gothic (1930) oil on beaverboard, Fine art Plant of Chicago.
By Grant Wood (1891-1942)
Guernica (1937) oil on canvas, Reina Sofia Museum, Madrid.
By Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
Nighthawks (1942) Fine art Plant of Chicago.
By Edward Hopper (1882-1967)
Broadway Boogie Woogie (1942-3) Museum of Modern Fine art, New York.
By Piet Mondrian (1872-1944)
No.ane, 1950 (Lavander Mist) (1950) National Gallery, Washington DC.
By Jackson Pollock (1912-56)
Woman 1 (1950-2) Museum of Modern Art, New York.
By Willem De Kooning (1904-97)
The Listening Room (1952) Menil Collection, Houston.
Past Rene Magritte (1898-1967)
The Screaming Pope (1953) William Burden Drove, New York.
By Francis Bacon (1909-92)
Four Marilyns (1962) Private Drove.
By Andy Warhol (1928-86)
Which are the 25 Greatest Mod Sculptures?
Here is a chronological list of the best modern works of sculpture (1870-1970), every bit compiled by our Editor.
David (c.1872) Bronze, Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
Past Marius Jean Antonin Mercier (1845-1916)
Statue of Freedom (1886) Copper, Freedom Island, New York Harbour.
Past Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904)
Little Dancer aged Fourteen (1879-81) Bronze, Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
By Edgar Degas (1834-1917)
The Osculation (1888-ix) Marble, Musee Rodin, Paris.
By Auguste Rodin (1840-1917)
Continuing Nude (1907) Musee National d'Art Moderne, Pompidou Eye, Paris.
Past Andre Derain (1880-1954)
The Kiss (1907) Stone, Hamburgerkunsthalle, Hamburg.
By Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957)
Walking Woman (1912) Denver Museum of Art.
By Alexander Archipenko (1887-1964)
Unique Forms of Continuity in Infinite (1913) Museum of Modern Fine art, NY.
By Umberto Boccioni (1882-1916)
The Large Horse (1914-18) Original in Philadelphia Museum of Art.
By Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876-1918)
End of the Trail (1915) Brookgreen Gardens, Murrells Inlet, U.s..
By James Earle Fraser (1876-1953)
Fallen Homo (1915-xvi) New National Gallery, Berlin.
By Wilhelm Lehmbruck (1881-1919)
Constructed Head No. 2 (1916) Nasher Sculpture Centre, Dallas.
By Naum Gabo (1890-1977)
Statue of Lincoln (1922) Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC.
By Daniel Chester French (1850-1931)
Adult female with Guitar (1927) Private Collection.
Past Jacques Lipchitz (1891-1973)
Mount Rushmore Presidential Portraits (1927-41) South Dakota.
By Gutzon Borglum (1867-1941) and his son Lincoln Borglum (1912-86)
Adam (1938) Harewood Business firm, Leeds, Great britain.
Past Jacob Epstein (1880-1959)
Fighting Stallions (1950) Hyatt Huntingdon Sculpture Garden, South. Carolina.
By Anna Hyatt Huntingdon (1876-1973)
The Destroyed City (1953) Schiedamse Dijk, Rotterdam.
By Ossip Zadkine (1890-1967)
Sky Cathedral (1958) Assemblage, The Museum of Mod Art, New York.
By Louise Nevelson (1899-1988)
Walking Man I (1960) Fondation Maeght, Saint-Paul-de-Vence.
By Alberto Giacometti (1901-66)
Divided Head (1963) Bronze, Fiorini, London.
By Cesar Baldaccini (1921-98)
Locking Piece (1963-four) Henry Moore Foundation, Millbank, London.
By Henry Moore.
The Motherland Calls (1967) Mamayev Kurgan, Stalingrad (now Volgagrad)
By Yevgeny Vuchetich (1908-74)
The Dachau Memorial (1968) Munich, Germany.
By Nandor Glid (1924-97)
The Majdanek Memorial (1969) Lublin, Poland.
By Wiktor Tolkin (1922-2013).
• For more than details of modernism and postmodernism in fine art, see: Homepage.
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